Essay --

As can be seen in fig.1, the VCS system converts precondition IMGE into random sh atomic number 18s. To the naked eye, the random shares do not providing meaning. The VCS system has some(prenominal) applications in the real world. They include transmission of military orders securely, authentication and authorization, transmitting passwords and so on. The researchers worldwide focused in physical properties like color, pixel working out etc. The proposed construction of VCS based on threshold for levels of whiteness color VCS was considered in colored VCS. Other scheme is proposed which allows sharing of multiple secret images.Naor et al. introduced EVCS (Extended ocular Cryptography Scheme) with a simple example. This paper proposes EVCS corresponding to VCS. The EVCS takes a secret image and the original share images as input and generates shares that can satisfy the criteria given below.Secret image can be recovered from any subset of shares.Forbidden shares cant be used to ob tain secret image.All the shares are meaningful images. EVCS is something similar to stereography where covering shares are m...

Analyzing Psychological Disorders Essay -- Schizophrenia Interview

IntroductionIn this paper, I leave be interviewing for a psychologist position with a top comp whatsoever. I give be asked about my understanding of the causes and treatment(s) of schizophrenia and I will discuss the following areas of the brain affected, causal factors, associated symptoms, the neural basis, appropriate drug therapies. I take been given four different case studies of disorders in which I will choose two of them to analyze. I will be discussing my understanding of the problem presented in each of the two case studies from the perspective of a biopsychologist. I will also be including each problems relation to the nature-nurture issue and every relevant portions of the Basics to Biopsychology text. I will be applying any helpful drug interventions or solutions and discussing the positive or negative aspects of these drug interventions or solutions.schizophrenic disorderOut of all of the psychological disorders, schizophrenia is the most modify and affects nearly t hree million Americans today. This disorder causes a person to nod off all sense of reality, which causes one to have delusions, hallucinations, extreme suspicion, and symptoms interchange between men and women. The ages of which symptoms are experienced are late teens to early twenties in men and late twenties to early thirties for women. man those who suffer from schizophrenia may seem to make some progress in recovery, usually all will exhibit marked symptoms throughout the caterpillar track of their life.Causes and TriggersWhile schizophrenia is considered to be a complex brain disorder, many different things land to the causes of this disorder. Genetics, behavioral, and developmental reasons are some of the likely causes while stress, trauma, and viral inf... ...depression/medication.htmHelpGuide.org. (2001-2010). Anorexia Nervosa - Understanding the Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment. Retrieved December 12, 2010, from http//www.helpguide.org/mental/anorexia_signs_sy mptoms_causes_treatment.htmThe Lundbeck Institute. (2002-2005). Schizophrenia - Aetiology. Retrieved December 11, 2010, from http//www.brainexplorer.org/schizophrenia/Schizophrenia_aetiology.shtmlThe National Institute of noetic Health (NIMH). (2010). Anxiety Disorders. Retrieved December 12, 2010, from http//www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtmlAll Psych and Heffner Media Group, Inc. (1999-2003). psychiatrical Disorders. Retrieved December 12, 2010, from http//allpsych.com/disorders/mood/majordepression.htmlGeitner, C. (n.d.). Dysthymic Disorder. Retrieved December 11, 2010, from http//www.bipolarhome.org/understanding.html Analyzing Psychological Disorders Essay -- Schizophrenia InterviewIntroductionIn this paper, I will be interviewing for a psychologist position with a top company. I will be asked about my understanding of the causes and treatment(s) of schizophrenia and I will discuss the following areas of the brain affected, causal fac tors, associated symptoms, the neural basis, appropriate drug therapies. I have been given four different case studies of disorders in which I will choose two of them to analyze. I will be discussing my understanding of the problem presented in each of the two case studies from the perspective of a biopsychologist. I will also be including each problems relation to the nature-nurture issue and any relevant portions of the Basics to Biopsychology text. I will be applying any helpful drug interventions or solutions and discussing the positive or negative aspects of these drug interventions or solutions.SchizophreniaOut of all of the psychological disorders, schizophrenia is the most damaging and affects nearly three million Americans today. This disorder causes a person to lose all sense of reality, which causes one to have delusions, hallucinations, extreme suspicion, and symptoms vary between men and women. The ages of which symptoms are experienced are late teens to early twenties in men and late twenties to early thirties for women. While those who suffer from schizophrenia may seem to make some progress in recovery, usually all will exhibit marked symptoms throughout the course of their life.Causes and TriggersWhile schizophrenia is considered to be a complex brain disorder, many different things contribute to the causes of this disorder. Genetics, behavioral, and developmental reasons are some of the likely causes while stress, trauma, and viral inf... ...depression/medication.htmHelpGuide.org. (2001-2010). Anorexia Nervosa - Understanding the Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment. Retrieved December 12, 2010, from http//www.helpguide.org/mental/anorexia_signs_symptoms_causes_treatment.htmThe Lundbeck Institute. (2002-2005). Schizophrenia - Aetiology. Retrieved December 11, 2010, from http//www.brainexplorer.org/schizophrenia/Schizophrenia_aetiology.shtmlThe National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2010). Anxiety Disorders. Retrieved December 12, 201 0, from http//www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtmlAll Psych and Heffner Media Group, Inc. (1999-2003). Psychiatric Disorders. Retrieved December 12, 2010, from http//allpsych.com/disorders/mood/majordepression.htmlGeitner, C. (n.d.). Dysthymic Disorder. Retrieved December 11, 2010, from http//www.bipolarhome.org/understanding.html

The Arab Conquest of the Central Asia Essay -- History, Muslim Populat

The Arab Conquest of the Central Asia was a significant event which impacted on the whole region at the beginning of the eighth century. Abu Jafar Muhammad al-Tabari was one of the historians who described this conquest for the Muslim population later in ninth century by using different accounts (p. 16). His text is multipurpose for the evaluation of Qutaybas conquests of Central Asia and can be compared with the same centurys Persian historian al-Baladhuri (p. 11) and his description of the Arab Conquest.This excerpt can be regarded as relevant to the Silk Roads Survey due to the fact that it reflects in detail all aspects of past events, and emphasizes their historical importance. Firstly, the author refers to accounts from various sources (p.16) and describes in detail what happened during the capture of Sogda. Secondly, when al-Tabari narrates about the events occurred in this region he uses direct quotations of the Arab conquerors and Sogdian defenders. For instance, when Sog dians asked Fergana kings for the support (p.17) al-Tabari demonstrates the full reflection of things happ...

Classic Philosophy and some Negative Characteristics of Contemporary Culture :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Classic Philosophy and some Negative Characteristics of Contemporary CultureABSTRACT This paper attempts to answer the question In what way could unadulteratedal philosophy be useful to overcome shortcomings of the contemporary culture? A response to this question is preceded by considerations about the meaning of the solid ground culture as well as delineating much(prenominal) features of the contemporary culture and their origins which, in common opinion, are evidence of its crisis. If it is proposed to return to classical philosophy in crop to remedy the contemporary culture and humanity, it is because this philosophy, due to its specific character, through the acceptance of real truth and real goodness as reasons for justifying both the order of cognition and the moral order, establishes that which is called culture on the bases of realism and secures its bases against subjectivism, relativism and pragmatism. Within classical philosophy, humankind learns an essential truth ab out itself, namely that human beings are not exclusively happening events because of human nature and essence, but that humans are persons which constitute a certain ontic fundament for historic processes and guarantee identity of being.Issues concerning the blood between philosophy and culture are of actual significance. The point is that, although philosophy is a component of culture, nevertheless, in view of its specific character, it is shaping it. Philosophy contributes to an expectation of culture, but the culture exerts an influence on the philosophy. Today, the failures of contemporary culture are not solo heard but experienced every day. Sometimes, to express the cite of present day culture, it is said the present culture is ill. The origin of these shortcoming is seen in philosophy and its way of diffusion. For even if philosophy is not the only factor of the outlook of culture, it is still one of its major causes. These circumstances are enough, I think, to ask a reas onable question In what way could classic philosophy be useful to overcome shortcomings of the contemporary culture?The Word CultureThe word culture is not quite clear. It is beyond this scope to restore diverse meanings of it. It would require an analyzing review of numerous definitions found both in common language and in scientific literature. It is maintained that there are hundreds of such definitions. Their common feature seems to be that they refer to culture as related, more or less consistently to the spiritual life of man. In different words spiritual life is referred to a concrete individual or to a social group.

DNA and common elements :: Biology

Biology Topic ThreeChemical elementselement FunctionProkaryotesPlants animalsSulphurproteinsproteinsProteinsCalcium Flagella movementForms carrel plate during cytokinesisShells, b hotshots, vesicle fusionPhosphorusNucleic acids and ATPNucleic acids and ATPNucleic acids and ATPironCytochrome- utilise in respirationCytochromes-used in reparationCytochromes used in mitochondria respiration, haemoglobin SodiumMain cation in cytoplasmTransmission of nerve impulses Water-Polar molecule-Oxygen has slight negative charge- total heat has slight positive charge-Opposite charges attract-This forms hydrogen bonds-This is called cohesion-Water can store lots of heat -Water can disperse other polar molecules-Other substances can form ions in water and dissolveOrganisms and properties of water-Can be used as a coolant because it requires a lot of energy to break the hydrogen bonds to go from liquid to gaseous state-Is a straightforward medium for metab olic reactions due to the fact it is a good solvent due to its polarity. Watery cytoplasm dissolve substances and metabolic reactions can take place easily. -Water can be a good transport substance due to its high specific heat. Cohesion is the forming of hydrogen bonds and hydrolysis is the breaking of hydrogen bonds.Organic and inorganic compounds-Organic compounds are those that contain speed of light and are found in living organisms.-They do not include carbonates, hydrogencarbonates and oxides of carbon.Identifying Ribose and Glucose-Ring structure-One carbon outside the ring-CnH2nOn with n = 5 for ribose and n = six for glucose-Each carbon has four bonds-Eachs carbon has an Oh bond and an H bond.Identifying Amino acids-Nitrogen is the key atom-Twenty amino acids used as proteins-They all have the same structure of The R is changeable and can be any of many different things.Identifying Fatty Acids-At one end is CH3 group and at the other COOH or carboxylic acid group-Betwee n these is a number of CH or CH2 groups. -Double bonds mean that the fat person acid is unsaturated-If there are lots of double bonds then the fatty acid is called polyunsaturated.Identifying CarbohydratesMonosaccharides Glucose, Galactose, FructoseDisaccharides Matose (glucose + glucose), Lactose (glucose + galactose), Sucrose (glucose + fructose) Polysaccharides Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose. All from poly-glucoseIn plants carbohydrates wait on as an energy source and component of sucrose while it is also used to build cell walls and transport thingsIn animals it is broken down to set out energy, and is a sugar in milk and used as an energy store.

Teachers as the Foundation of Society Essay -- Teachers, philosophy of

As a young student I believe that an education is the most valuable thing that a person can have. Therefore, I believe that teachers are the soul foundation of our society. The job of the teacher is to educate as well as nurture the students to the better(p) of their ability. Our society as a whole is constantly growing and changing and this has a strong influence on our education system. Thus forth my philosophic system is continuously evolving and growing and as I persist in to learn more about school districts, different children, and the psychology of learning I will continue to adjust my educational philosophy as well. As a teacher I believe that we should give our students the tools that they need to find themselves and grow as undivideds. My philosophical beliefs and ideas deal with humanism. Humanism emphasizes self actualization and helps students develop morals and values. If a student is able to find themselves they will develop healthy attitudes towards themselves a nd others. And as an individual it is important that you know how to maintain relationships and work well with other...

Teachers as the Foundation of Society Essay -- Teachers, philosophy of

As a young student I believe that an education is the most valuable social occasion that a person can have. Therefore, I believe that teachers are the soul foundation of our society. The job of the teacher is to educate as well as arouse the students to the best of their ability. Our society as a whole is constantly growing and changing and this has a strong influence on our education system. Thus forth my philosophy is continuously evolving and growing and as I continue to learn more about school districts, different children, and the psychology of learning I allow for continue to adjust my educational philosophy as well. As a teacher I believe that we should give our students the tools that they need to find themselves and grow as individuals. My philosophical beliefs and ideas deal with humanism. Humanism emphasizes self actualization and helps students develop morals and values. If a student is able to find themselves they will develop healthy attitudes towards themselves an d others. And as an individual it is important that you know how to maintain relationships and work well with other...

Poliomyelitis Paper Essay

Poliomyelitis is a viral disease that mainly affects the young children, it is extremely infectious that caused by three types of poliovirus which targets the nervous system of the person, it may result to be abortive poliomyelitis, non- paralytic and paralytic poliomyelitis. There are many initial symptoms of polio fever (up to 103F or 39.5C), less of appetite, vomiting, constipation and pain in the limbs. We can diagnose this by having complete physical examination having a complete test of throat, urine, lumbar puncture or spinal tap. Medical history of a child who does not have his/her polio vaccine or not complete polio vaccines series is also one of the caused of this infection. The treatment for this is determined by your physician base on your age, tolerant for specific medications, procedures or therapies.Although we have come to prevent this disease not to infect young ones by having a complete vaccines which have two versions Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) and spontaneo us Polio Vaccine (OPV) and the best way for this is to have good hygiene and clean surroundings but for those who had already been infected will have no cure, the supportive means of treatment is the only way to help them to ease some pains equivalent analgesics, a bed rest to reduce fever, a good balance diet, hot compress for the pain of your muscles, if the patient is paralytic poliomyelitis it requires a hospitalization. In early days infectious disease like this maybe a threat to our society but its a good thing to know that now we have the treatments and the best of this is that to follow the first flavour of cure which is prevention.ReferencesWorld Health Organization (2007). Poliomyelitis. Retrieved December 10, 2007 from http//www.who.int/topics/poliomyelitis/en/.University Health Care (2003). Poliomyelitis. Retrieved December 10, 2007 from http//healthcare.utah.edu/healthinfo/adult/infectious/polio.htm

Separation of Powers in Botswana

SEPARATION OF POWERS IN BOTSWANA Government The constitution implicitly recognises the separation of powers by dealing with each of the three organs of political relation in separate and distinct provisions. The executive is dealt with in chapter IV, sections 30-56, the legislature in chapter V, sections 57-94 and the judiciary in chapter VI, sections 95-106. Executive The whole of chapter IV of the constitution deals with the executive. Part I deals with the president and Vice President, part II with the Cabinet and part III with the executive functions. In spite of this, section 47 explicitly vests executive functions on the President.The President is not elected directly by universal suffrage but rather indirectly under section 32 after parliamentary elections from the newly elected shares of Parliament. He can solely hold office for an aggregate period of 10 years and if the office falls vacant, the Vice President takes over. The President appoints the Vice President and such( prenominal) number of Ministers and Assistant Ministers as are determined by Parliament. They must all be subdivisions of Parliament at the time of their appointment. If not, then before the expiration of four months after their appointment they must become members of Parliament or vacate the position.This thitherfore means that there is no strict separation of powers in Botswana. Executive power vests in the President and section 49 states that the Vice President acts as his principal assist and works under his directions. He is responsible for such business of government (including the administration of some(prenominal) department of Government), that the President may assign to him. The usual public figure has been to assign a specific department to the Vice President. On the other(a) hand, cabinet Ministers and Assistant Ministers are responsible for advising the President with respect to policy and such other matters that he may refer to them.Nevertheless, section 50 makes it clear that the cabinet shall be responsible to Parliament for all things done by or under the position of the President and Vice President in the execution of their duties. This generally means that the cabinet as a whole, including the President are jointly responsible to Parliament. Ministers are also individually responsible to Parliament and the public at large for the running of their ministries. Legislature Parliament, according to section 57, consists of the President and the home(a) Assembly.The latter is composed of the President, as ex officio member, 57 elected members, and 4 specially elected members. Although Botswana has earned considerable praise for maintaining a full-fledged freehanded multi-party democratic brass since independence, one party, the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) has won all elections since independence and remains a dominant party in a system marked by a weak and fragmented opposition parties. The Botswana parliament exercises three main f unctions viz, the making of honors, controlling public finance and scrutinising and controlling Government. portion 86 vests on Parliament the power to make laws for the peace, order and good government of Botswana. Legislation only becomes law under section 87 after it has been assented to by the President. Another important function of Parliament, which is provided for under sections 117 to 124, is to control the use of public finances. As a result of this control, Government must obtain legislative authority before it can engage in certain financial activities such as levying taxes, imposing rates, and charging fees. The final function of scrutinising and controlling Government is carried out in at least three different ways.The first of this is through question time, motions and ministerial statements. The Standing Orders of the National Assembly allow any private member of Parliament to address a question to a Minister relating to a public matter for which he is responsible. An alternative to question time is the motion, which enables a member to move a motion on any topic by giving three days notice of his intention to do so. likewise Parliament, there is also the Ntlo ya Dikgosi, which until the radical amendments of 2005, was known as the House of Chiefs.According to section 77, it is to be composed of not less than 33 nor more than 35 members, virtually of whom are persons performing the functions of kgosiin certain specified districts, some appointed by the President and others selected under section 78(4)(c). The Ntlo ya Dikgosi although having some role to play in the law making wait on is not a second chamber of Parliament in any sense. Its limited role in the law making process is specified in section 85, which enables it to i) consider the copy of any Bill, which may put on the designation, ecognition, removal of powers of Dikgosi or Dikgosana affect the organisation, powers or administration of customary laws affect customary law, or the ascertainment or recording of customary law or affect the tribal organisation or tribal property. ii) be consulted by any Minister on any matter on which he desires to obtain their opinion or iii) discuss any matter within the executive or legislative authority, which it considers it to be desirable to take cognizance in the interests of the tribes, and tribal organisations it represents and make representations to the President or send messages to Parliament on this.The Ntlo ya Dikgosi therefore only plays a consultative and advisory role. The Judiciary In Botswana, the constitution in section 127 implicitly distinguishes between superior courts and inferior or subordinate courts. Section 127 of the constitution in defining subordinate court, states that thismeans any court established for Botswana other than the salute of Appeal, the High address, a court martial, or the industrial Court. Generally, the jurisdiction of superior courts is neither limited by the value of the sub ject matter nor geographically and they tend to deal with the more important and difficult cases.By contrast, the jurisdiction of inferior courts is limited both geographically and according to the value of the subject matter of the dispute. Another distinctive feature of inferior courts is that they are amenable to the supervisory jurisdiction of the High court. The most important inferior courts in Botswana are the Magistrates court and the customary courts. Another important distinction is that between courts of general, ordinary or normal jurisdiction and courts of special jurisdiction. Courts of general jurisdiction are those, which deal with practically any kind of case, whether civil, or criminal, that may be brought before them.On the other hand, courts of special jurisdiction may deal only with stated and limited kinds of issues. The courts of general jurisdiction are organised in a hierarchy and consists of (i) the Court of Appeal, (ii) the High Court, (iii) the Magistrate s Courts and (iv) the Customary Courts. This structure reflects the dual system of laws operating in the country in that the first three courts are concerned primarily with administering the crude law and statutes enacted by the legislature while the last courts deal essentially with customary law. The courts of special jurisdiction onsist of the land tribunal, the juvenile court, the court martial and the industrial court. Those who adjudicate upon disputes in the superior courts, consists of the Judge President of the Court of Appeal, the Chief Justice of the High Court and such other judges of the High Court and the Court of Appeal as Parliament may prescribe. Their role in the administration of justice is set out in Part VI of the Constitution. These constitutional provisions and other laws regulate matters such as their appointment and dismissal, their tenure, their status and their independence from the other two branches of government

How to Become a Crisis Hotline Volunteer

First of all, a crisis hotline is a number that one may call when they are in claim of immediate requirement telephone counseling by trained volunteers. To start, you need to assess yourself meaning to make sure all your own problems are set aside in case you come in contact with someone who has a similar situation that you have been through but isnt resolved. Then, the training begins. You will need to learn to react under emergency situations and under pressure. You will also learn different counseling techniques, although through the hotline you will be having the person in the crisis situation be the decision-maker.You will need to have them gain your trust and be able to open up freely to you. The length of training depends on the program of which you are volunteering for. There also may be a screening/background check to make sure there is a out-of-doors record. After reviewing all of the information about volunteer program, I am actually considering on doing this. It would greatly affect my future because it will help me be able to figure out if this is something I would be able to handle and do on a daily basis.I just recently watched a movie called The Call and I was touched by it. This movie had me thinking afterwards about be put in that situation. Its about this instrument (dispatch station) and she is trying to keep this young girl calm because she has been kidnapped in the back of a trunk. She is trying to use different techniques such as asking what her preferent movie is. At one point she asked the young girl what her sign was and she said Capricorn and the operator responded back, You are? I am also a Capricorn and you know what we Capricorns do? and the girl replied, No. The operator said, We fight and we will fight and get you home safely. I feel like being put in this situation, hearing those in a crisis and need immediate assistance, it would be difficult especially if something happens to them and it is way out of your control. But , then again, you could also be somebodys hero because you were able to save them somehow-someway. This would be good for my career because it will show that I have experience in the benignant Services field. Not only that, but as a volunteer.

Street Children

lane baberen People wear offt love us, says Tigiste, a 12 age old course girl from Addis Ababa. A small example of how these kids suffer every daytime, as Tigiste, at that place argon umpteen kids like her all everyplace the world. One of these countries that has a vast problem in this issue is Egypt. But who is a path kid? how suffer we classify these youngsterren by that name? and what is the issuance of them? A bridle-path pincer is defined as any boy or girl for whom the lane in the broadst sense of the word has give-up the ghost his or her habitual abode and/or source of sufferlihood, and who is inadequately protected, supervised, or directed by responsible adults (ESCWA).Omneya Ragab, author in Al-Ahram weekly says, Among the estimated tens of thousands minorren in track situations, 65% escape family problems, 30% be expose in the path dashs to earn property for themselves and their families epoch 23% atomic number 18 pressed to leave by family mem bers. It is estimated that the number of these chel aren is ranged between 200,000 and 2,000,000. You cease find them quiescence on pavements, standing at traffic, shining shoes, selling newspapers or notice them under bridges. The chief(prenominal) realize of this phenomenon is poverty.Although thither be not reliable studies, and it is assumed that the percentage of those life history on less than $1 a day is 3. 4 % while the percentage of those living on less than $2 a day is 42. 8 %(ESCWA). early(a) causes argon emphasis, an old thought that a child has to work at an early age and stop education and falling preys for employers, a member in family or by their peers. Effects are clearly observed as this resulted to depending on charity, sexual abuse and invete rank of a series of violence in general and illness.So, this essay leave demonst compute the causes of this problem, then(prenominal) the emergences in details and how can this problem be solved tackling som e exteriorises that are al canvasy through to face this. So as to analyze any problem we should k straight off its cause which will will us to understand its effects in a better way. A life of a child is at stake, everyday these innocent kids are receptive to danger. early it comes from family, which circum military postures affects them and lead to uncontrollability in actions whether from a member of a family or by any sudden unexpected all the samet, like the maven that happened at AL Dewea or by losing contact with the parents including death.This could result in displacement of these children were they cant find a place or shelter except under a bridge, infront of mosques or in any national place like gardens for example. Also, other cause is, the want of education. Based on the Egyptian 2006 census, the percentage of children between 6 and 18 long time who never enrol conduct or who cast dropped out of basic education was 14. 7 %, amounting to around three million c hildren. The gross enrolment rate of children in basic, secondary and tertiary levels was 76. %. It was found that the main causes of that is the violence they suffer at home, coach or at work which lead afterwards that parents fight them to work except because that is much profitable and gives instant cash f pitiables. The problem is that the child becomes fed up and start to oceanrch for the prefered environment but finds that in the highway which is an exit to change their lives. Yet they suffer more violence with a constant feeling of insecurity from older thoroughfare children, abusive fellowship members or from the police.So they are urged to submit, whether it was for an employer who could be an older street child or to the police and in both ways they will feel pain and humiliation. This can be by abuse, rape or other ways of torture. According to Human Rights Watch, police beatings are purely punitive or correctional in approach in other words, they are used to teac h the children a lesson And by the street children you can find the worse as sexual violence may lead to unwanted pregnancies for girls and extreme injuries for both genders. track Childrenpic NAME OF CANDIDATE CENTER CANDIDATE TERITORY JAMAICA YEAR 2013 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Street children in my community ? What are the factors that influence children to live on the streets? ? What are the measures that can be interpreted to cast down them into homes/places of safety? RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What are the factors that influence children to live on the streets? 2. What are the effects of living on the streets affects these children? 3. What are the measures that can be interpreted to get street children off the streets? METHOD OF INVESTIGATION The order of investigation elect is the questionnaire.The questionnaire as chosen as a tool for collecting information because of a number of advantages they are 1. It requires less time to be completed. 2. It is highly hugger-mugger since no name is required. 3. It can be done base on the persons schedule. REASON FOR SELECTING AREA OF RESEARCH The field of study in which the look into will be done is the down town heavens. The cause for selecting this particular area is as a result of the high rate of street children on the streets of down town. It was observed that these children clear been on the street on several occasions. I want to explore the causes and effects of their phenomena.PROCEDURES FOR DATA accumulation In the area of Down Town Kingston at that place are thousands of different streets. Some of which are more displace with street children than others. There was a minimum of 1 street children present on these streets and a maximum of 2. In the less crowded streets of the area, 10 street children were present respectively, questionnaires were given to each. On the streets which were less crowded 6 males were present and 4 females, their ages from 10-17 years. On the street that was more crowded, 1 6 males and 4 females present their ages also ranged from 10-17 years.When approached and asked if they would complete the questionnaire some demanded money while others instantly agreed, no one refused. Some requisite little or no befriend. 30 questionnaires were issued, all of which were complete and returned immediately to the researcher who waited on them patiently. When they were finished and counted 8 females and 22 males actually completed the questionnaires. DATA ANALYSIS Street children, where is their place in society? Red Rat, a local DJ aptly describes Jamaicans take in on the home of street children when he sang that they No Live Nuh Wey.His song also highlights the hardship experienced by children, the activities they get involved in and their aspirations. This project then, watch outks to answer two main questions 1. Why are these children living on the streets of my community? 2. What are the measures that can be taken to get street children off the streets? In order to provide a comprehensive answer to these two questions, the project will first look at the major cause of this phenomenon, urbanisation. It will then look at the spatial location of street children in my community and in Kingston.The focus will then move to who they are, wherefore they are on the streets and the activities in which they are engaged. It will also examine how effective institutions are in meeting the needs of the children. This is done in an seek to determine whether or not there is swear for these children. This project will conclude by making suggestions on how to give rely to street children. Waugh, (2000), describes urbanization as the process by which an increasing proportion of the total population, normally of a country, lives in towns and cities. This growth is due to natural development and to a big extent rural-urban migration.Map 1,page 2, shows that the well-nigh densely populated parishes are in the areas of the Kingston Metropolitan Region , which overwhelms Kingston, St. Andrew and St. Catherine, (Census 2001). Urbanization in these areas has placed stress on the available resources and has led to overcrowding, which in turn has led to several problems. These include shortages of augurys and the development of slums/ghettos, crime and violence, unemployment and underemployment and the incidence of street tidy sum limitedally, children. The stance of this project is that street children are victims of urbanization.Agnelli, 1986 confirms our stance when he wrote that the phenomenon of street children is urban in nature, as there are no rural street children. Map 2, page 3, stock-still confirms this. pic pic The writer of this project define Street children as those children who are under the age of seventeen years who live or work on the streets as a standard daily activity. This is endorsed by Lusk et. al (1992) in an phrase entitled Children in need, described street children as any child for whom the street has become his or her habitual abode and /or source of livelihood, and who is inadequately protected, supervised, or directed by adults.In an interview with a social worker, the profile of a street child was outlined he mistrust people, he enjoys his independence, he tends to be rebellious, he dislikes authoritarianism or ridged control, he can be rehabilitated, he can cope under difficult circumstances and he is nomadic. The writers of this article indicated that there are three categories of street children Children on the streets are those who lull have cerebrate with families and refer civilize, but work on the streets outside of school hours.Children of the streets are those whose links with the family are remote and who consider the street to be their home. Abandoned children are those who are completely on their own and have no links with their families. Numerous reasons have been given to explain the presence of the children on the roads. A Gleaner article of August 2 3, 2011 highlighted three reasons It claimed that some children are orphaned as their parents were killed in shooting sprees in the inner city areas, some parents have migrated and have left(a) them in the care of uncaring relatives, friends and older siblings.In another article found in the Sunday Gleaner on August 25, 2011, the writer quoted the condition project coordinator of Wings, in saying that the boys were put out of their homes by their parents, and that some were coerced into the streets because of overcrowded homes. In another article found in the Gleaner on March 15, 2002, the writer critically declared that the children were on the streets because they were either truants from the school system or a product of dysfunctional families.From our research, we have found that a typical street child is a 12-year-old boy from a female- headed household, the average size of which is five persons, where his guardian either is unemployed or marginally employed. The responses fr om the questionnaire regarding the reason for their absence from school suggest that socio- scotch deprivation is indeed a major factor. Some even responded sayings that they were forced peddle wares on the streets to hang on the familys income others were suspended or expelled from school, while there were a a couple of(prenominal) who stated that there was no reason.Irregular school attendance for those who are actually enrolled into a school is a popular have found among the street children interviewed. Many went to school only three days per week using the remaining days of the week to perform their personal activities. For those who were inattentive from school only once or twice per week, atomic number 90 and Friday were their preferred days to be absent. This they stated enabled them to go to the market to beg and or sell. Thursday is the wholesale day in the major retail market and Friday being payday, is a popular market day for workers in the urban centres.These days turn up to be well-nigh profitable for these child labourers as they earn much of their money transporting goods for the shoppers. Based on the responses of the children from the questionnaire, it is possible to assess and determine the main tote factors which has inevitably resulted in them being on the street. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE INCREASING NUMBER OF STREET CHILDREN 11% 30%State 19% 33% Parents Abusers Peers 7% unrelenting Poverty vitality Factors a) The state Overcrowding of the educational or childcare system is the primal cause for movement of the children from the institutions provided.The state neglects their responsibilities by not adequately support these institutions. The signs were evident in the inner city schools visited where the teacher pupil ratio is about 160. In addition, the lack of desk and chairs, stationery and other vital equipment causes irritation for the students and teachers. b) The consequences of the actions of parents such as neglect, mi gration or directly sending their children out on the streets, forces them to fend for themselves hence causing child labour. ) Physical, sexual or emotional abuse, caused by parents or guardians usually leads to the child overhaulning away from home and thereby being forced into child labour d) Peer pressure The feeling of lack at school discourages then from wanting to learn, especially if they are being teased and ridiculed and hence they are push into child labour. e) Severe poverty The children are forced unto the streets to supplement the inadequate income of the household, often following the laying off from work of the primary caregiver. ) Those who enter into child labour primarily of their own volition, in order to help out their parents or to become more independent themselves and g) Those entering as a direct result of family crisis like the illness or death of the primary caregiver. Pull Factors A. Pop Culture influences children, in that it dictates the clothing and styles to be worn in order for them to be considered fashionable. When children of a poor socio economic background see their friends in the latest fashions, living a carefree life without any responsibilities this entices them to want to follow this trend.However due to their poor financial circumstances they are unavailing to afford these trends, hence leading them to go out and fend or work for themselves in an attempt to afford these styles. B. In a paper publish by David Dunkleys on February 11, 1999, Turf wars were cited as one of the reasons for boys not returning home at nights. From having spoken to street children ourselves, we maxim that this was in fact one of the reasons many felt they could not return home at nights and so remained on the streets, as they feared for their lives.Others original money, protection and the needed support from the don (local area leader), who used them as carriers for their illicit wares. On interviewing these children, we also realized that a a few(prenominal) of them had behavioural problems. It was found that the children, who exhibited extreme forms of behavioral problems, were from turgidr families with one or no parent and were the ones who were particularly into sporadic school attendance. They were the ones who were also from depressed communities where overcrowding was a problem and living conditions were poor.During our research, a child highlighted some of his reason for being on the streets. He reported that he lived in a single room house with his mother and other siblings and was forced to leave the house when his mother was entertaining. Another child, who resided with his grandparent, complained that he could not live with her because she was miserable and demanding. and then he avoided going home as he disliked the living conditions and is thereby a street child. In our survey, 92% of the children were boys and they were involved in a number of activities they pushed carts, they carried peoples luggage.They change items for others, they bought and sold items, some went to sea and some were there just to check their brethren. One little boy in particular said that when he is on the street he run up an down. Not surprisingly though is the fact that the majority are involved in one or another economic activity. In fact 75% admitted to be so involved. These activities, according to these children yield great returns. In 1986 children were making a maximum of $21. 00 per day, now 75% of them made over $1000. 00 per day. One child stated that he made over $1,800. 0 per day. Seventeen percent of them were reluctant to reveal their daily dinero or plainly did not know. If these figures are truly representative of what a child makes on the street, it is no wonder that they are willing to remain there regardless of the bitter treatment, which is meted out to them by the general public. It is evident that the economic pull to street life is greater now than in the 1980s and 1990 s. Hence this remains a major factor for children being on the streets. When we question, Why are these children living on the streets in my community? there are many reasons and excuses. Many are in search of love and acceptance others see it as a means of survival or an outlet. The real question however is, Is there hope for these children? In answering the question, is there hope for these children, one would be tempted to give a resounding yes. But can this be justify? The plight of the street children has not been ignored by the Jamaican Government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and International organizations. In fact, programmes have been put in place to alleviate problems of child labour in Kingston.These include RISE Life counselling who plays a great role in my community, Children First, Hope for Children, The Possibility Programme, St. Andrew Care Centre, the National Initiative for Street Children (NISC), Tackle Child Labour by the International Labour Organiza tion and the Socialization Project by the Kingston Restoration Company. Mainly the United Children educational Foundation (UNICEF) currency many of these programmes. All of the named institutions have been established to alleviate problems of child labor and neglected children in the metropolitan area.Most of these institutions aim at bragging(a) these children institution Management provides advise, classes and youth programs for street children in my community. Children First aims at reintroducing them into the formal school system. It reunites them with their families and monitors their attendance in the government schools. Map 3 shows their specific location in Kingston, and proximity to my community the main study area. The residence of the street children are laid in mostly densely populated homes where the touchstone of living is low and living conditions harsh.Many of the institutions that are put in place to help them are located within the community or close by. pic I n these institutions, a number of activities are planned for the children, some outside the classroom. All the organizations have regular school activities inclusive of Mathematics, English, Reading, Social Studies, Science, and Computing. At Children First there is a thematic teaching system in which themes are chosen by the students, for example, Children Rights. They also offer skills training programs such as cosmetology, barbering and photography. At NISC,Children First for example, has aided a number of students to attend universities both local and international. For example, there is a student studying medicine in Cuba, and one, at The Edna Manley School Of artwork is studying to become an actor. Two-thirds of the staff is graduates of the program. Mrs. Pious, executive director of Children First has found that in order to improve the lives of the children, it is often necessary to improve the lives of the parents or guardians as well. As a result, the program has enabled m any parents to start small businesses such as chicken rearing, ewing and goat rearing. At Hope for Children, students have been involved in drama. A few of their past productions include Come Listen to We, Wicked Reality and Man, Woman and Child. The street children in my community seemed very ambitious and their occupational aspirations were wide and varied. Figure 2 shows the career choice of the street children. DESIRED OCCUPATION OF THE STREET CHILDREN 10 8 6 4 2 0 OCCUPATIONS What is noted is that only the needs of the carpenter and the fisherman and to a lesser extent that of a truck driver are catered to by these institution.The implication of this is that if they boys are taken off the street and placed in any of these institutions, their aspirations would not be met. The formal educational institutions however could meet their goals, but they have to, to a large extent turn their backs on these institutions. One still have to wonder, is there hope for these children? Wha t is heartening is that the children, although they were on the street, thought that education was burning(prenominal) and that it was the only way for them to achieve their goals. In fact, 83% of them believe that education is important in their acquiring their career goals.It is often times said that where there is a will there is a way. Even though many of the children have the desire to attain upper socio-economic mobility, they were often times forced to attend these institutions. When the Administrators were asked about the institutionalization of the children, they indicated that few children came in voluntarily. In fact, Most of the children were sent there by parents, concerned citizens and police officers. Overall, having been forced to attend has caused them to be defiant and antipathetic to the programme.At Children First most of the children attend voluntarily and hence their level of success is greater. We also found from our interview that 6% of the children did not even know where the institutions were located or even that they existed. Overall, from my observation, the programmes I have studied have shown a level of success. But in light of the negative aspects, which we have observed, I propose the following 1. A public education programme on radio and television, which highlights why contributions should be given directly to the programmes in place instead of the children. . Implementing more self-help schemes for the parents or guardians of the street children, that is, helping them to generate a steady income. 3. Government should make the needs of street children one of its priorities. More money should be allocated to these programmes to effect changes. 4. Make the public aware of the plight of our nations future through the introduction of a Street Children Day in Child calendar month and Media coverage (when people become aware, they will become sympathetic and generous). DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT Sample of Questionnaire 1. Gender Tick (/)Male ( )Female ( ) 2. Age 10-11 years ( )12-13 years ( )14-15 years ( )16-17 years ( ) 3. How long have you been on the streets? 6 months-1 year ( )2-3 years ( )4-5 years ( )6 years and over ( ) 4. When you were at home, what type of family did you live in? Single ( )Nuclear ( )Extended ( ) Other ( ) 5. Do you plan on returning home? Yes ( ) No ( ) 6. Do you like living on the street? Yes ( ) No ( ) 7. What are some of the factors that are responsible for you becoming a street child? Abandoned by parents ( )Disruptive behaviors/cant be controlled ( )Ran away from home ( )Other ( ) 8. What was the main punishment received at home? Beating/Flogging ( )Indecent language ( )Being put to starve ( ) Other ( ) 9. What type of relationship do you have with your family now that you are on the streets? Excellent ( )Poor ( ) Fair ( ) None ( ) 10. Do you think its better being on the streets that at home? Yes ( ) No ( ) If yes why? _______________________________________________________ _______ 11. How do you provide for yourself on the streets? Begging ( )Stealing ( )Searching household garbage ( ) 12. Do you ever compliments you never left home?Yes ( )No ( ) 13. How does being a street child affect you emotionally? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 14. How does being a street child affect your physical appearance? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 15. Were you in school? Yes ( )No ( ) 16. If yes what grade/form where you in? 17. be you able to read and write? Yes ( )No ( ) 18.What are the measures that can be taken to get street children off the streets? Put them in state homes ( ) Have counseling sessions with them and put them up for adoption ( ) Establish laws to punish parents who contribute to their child being on the streets ( ) 19. Do you think the measures will work for you? Yes ( ) No ( ) maybe ( ) 20. What can persons who wish to become parents do to avoid children leaving home to live on the streets? Attend parenting sessions on how to care for the child ( ) Talk to the child/children to find out what is bothering them ( )Get involved in activities at the child school to see how well they are doing () BIBLIOGRAPHY Agnelli (1986), Street Children- A growing urban calamity -Report for the Independent commissioning on International Humanitarian Issues Boyce-Reid, k. (1993) A Report on Street Children Projects http//gvnet. com/streetchildren/Jamaica. htm David Dunkley(1999) Street Children- effects of urbanization School Based sagaciousness on Street Children in my community FISHERMAN FIRE MAN CARPENTER PERCENTAGES DOCTOR BUSINESS MAN TEACHER TRUCK DRIVER coast CLERK exit CartStreet Childrenpic NAME OF CANDIDATE CENTER CANDIDATE TERITORY JAMAICA YEAR 2013 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Street children in my commu nity ? What are the factors that influence children to live on the streets? ? What are the measures that can be taken to get them into homes/places of safety? RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What are the factors that influence children to live on the streets? 2. What are the effects of living on the streets affects these children? 3. What are the measures that can be taken to get street children off the streets? METHOD OF INVESTIGATION The method of investigation chosen is the questionnaire.The questionnaire as chosen as a tool for collecting information because of a number of advantages they are 1. It requires less time to be completed. 2. It is highly confidential since no name is required. 3. It can be done base on the persons schedule. REASON FOR SELECTING AREA OF RESEARCH The area in which the research will be done is the down town area. The reason for selecting this particular area is as a result of the high rate of street children on the streets of down town. It was observed that these children have been on the street on several occasions. I want to explore the causes and effects of their phenomena.PROCEDURES FOR DATA COLLECTION In the area of Down Town Kingston there are thousands of different streets. Some of which are more crowded with street children than others. There was a minimum of 1 street children present on these streets and a maximum of 2. In the less crowded streets of the area, 10 street children were present respectively, questionnaires were given to each. On the streets which were less crowded 6 males were present and 4 females, their ages from 10-17 years. On the street that was more crowded, 16 males and 4 females present their ages also ranged from 10-17 years.When approached and asked if they would complete the questionnaire some demanded money while others immediately agreed, no one refused. Some needed little or no help. 30 questionnaires were issued, all of which were complete and returned immediately to the researcher who waited on them pa tiently. When they were finished and counted 8 females and 22 males actually completed the questionnaires. DATA ANALYSIS Street children, where is their place in society? Red Rat, a local DJ aptly describes Jamaicans view on the home of street children when he sang that they No Live Nuh Wey.His song also highlights the hardship experienced by children, the activities they get involved in and their aspirations. This project then, seeks to answer two main questions 1. Why are these children living on the streets of my community? 2. What are the measures that can be taken to get street children off the streets? In order to provide a comprehensive answer to these two questions, the project will first look at the major cause of this phenomenon, urbanization. It will then look at the spatial location of street children in my community and in Kingston.The focus will then move to who they are, why they are on the streets and the activities in which they are engaged. It will also examine how effective institutions are in meeting the needs of the children. This is done in an attempt to determine whether or not there is hope for these children. This project will conclude by making suggestions on how to give hope to street children. Waugh, (2000), describes urbanization as the process by which an increasing proportion of the total population, usually of a country, lives in towns and cities. This growth is due to natural increase and to a larger extent rural-urban migration.Map 1,page 2, shows that the most densely populated parishes are in the areas of the Kingston Metropolitan Region, which includes Kingston, St. Andrew and St. Catherine, (Census 2001). Urbanization in these areas has placed stress on the available resources and has led to overcrowding, which in turn has led to several problems. These include shortages of houses and the development of slums/ghettos, crime and violence, unemployment and underemployment and the incidence of street people specifically, chil dren. The stance of this project is that street children are victims of urbanization.Agnelli, 1986 confirms our stance when he wrote that the phenomenon of street children is urban in nature, as there are no rural street children. Map 2, page 3, further confirms this. pic pic The writer of this project define Street children as those children who are under the age of seventeen years who live or work on the streets as a regular daily activity. This is endorsed by Lusk et. al (1992) in an article entitled Children in need, described street children as any child for whom the street has become his or her habitual abode and /or source of livelihood, and who is inadequately protected, supervised, or directed by adults.In an interview with a social worker, the profile of a street child was outlined he mistrust people, he enjoys his independence, he tends to be rebellious, he dislikes authoritarianism or ridged control, he can be rehabilitated, he can cope under difficult circumstances and he is nomadic. The writers of this article indicated that there are three categories of street children Children on the streets are those who still have links with families and attend school, but work on the streets outside of school hours.Children of the streets are those whose links with the family are remote and who consider the street to be their home. Abandoned children are those who are completely on their own and have no links with their families. Numerous reasons have been given to explain the presence of the children on the roads. A Gleaner article of August 23, 2011 highlighted three reasons It claimed that some children are orphaned as their parents were killed in shooting sprees in the inner city areas, some parents have migrated and have left them in the care of uncaring relatives, friends and older siblings.In another article found in the Sunday Gleaner on August 25, 2011, the writer quoted the former project coordinator of Wings, in saying that the boys were put ou t of their homes by their parents, and that some were coerced into the streets because of overcrowded homes. In another article found in the Gleaner on March 15, 2002, the writer critically stated that the children were on the streets because they were either truants from the school system or a product of dysfunctional families.From our research, we have found that a typical street child is a 12-year-old boy from a female- headed household, the average size of which is five persons, where his guardian either is unemployed or marginally employed. The responses from the questionnaire regarding the reason for their absence from school suggest that socio-economic deprivation is indeed a major factor. Some even responded sayings that they were forced peddle wares on the streets to supplement the familys income others were suspended or expelled from school, while there were a few who stated that there was no reason.Irregular school attendance for those who are actually enrolled into a sch ool is a popular feature found among the street children interviewed. Many went to school only three days per week using the remaining days of the week to perform their personal activities. For those who were absent from school only once or twice per week, Thursday and Friday were their preferred days to be absent. This they stated enabled them to go to the market to beg and or sell. Thursday is the wholesale day in the major retail market and Friday being payday, is a popular market day for workers in the urban centres.These days proved to be most profitable for these child labourers as they earn much of their money transporting goods for the shoppers. Based on the responses of the children from the questionnaire, it is possible to assess and determine the main push factors which has inevitably resulted in them being on the street. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE INCREASING NUMBER OF STREET CHILDREN 11% 30%State 19% 33% Parents Abusers Peers 7%Severe Poverty Push Factors a) The state Overcrowding of the educational or childcare system is the primary cause for movement of the children from the institutions provided.The state neglects their responsibilities by not adequately funding these institutions. The signs were evident in the inner city schools visited where the teacher pupil ratio is about 160. In addition, the lack of desk and chairs, stationery and other vital equipment causes discomfort for the students and teachers. b) The consequences of the actions of parents such as neglect, migration or directly sending their children out on the streets, forces them to fend for themselves hence causing child labour. ) Physical, sexual or emotional abuse, caused by parents or guardians usually leads to the child running away from home and thereby being forced into child labour d) Peer pressure The feeling of inadequacy at school discourages then from wanting to learn, especially if they are being teased and ridiculed and hence they are push into child labour. e) Sev ere poverty The children are forced unto the streets to supplement the inadequate income of the household, often following the laying off from work of the primary caregiver. ) Those who enter into child labour primarily of their own volition, in order to help out their parents or to become more independent themselves and g) Those entering as a direct result of family crisis like the illness or death of the primary caregiver. Pull Factors A. Pop Culture influences children, in that it dictates the clothing and styles to be worn in order for them to be considered fashionable. When children of a poor socio economic background see their friends in the latest fashions, living a carefree life without any responsibilities this entices them to want to follow this trend.However due to their poor financial circumstances they are unable to afford these trends, hence leading them to go out and fend or work for themselves in an attempt to afford these styles. B. In a paper published by David Du nkleys on February 11, 1999, Turf wars were cited as one of the reasons for boys not returning home at nights. From having spoken to street children ourselves, we saw that this was in fact one of the reasons many felt they could not return home at nights and so remained on the streets, as they feared for their lives.Others received money, protection and the needed support from the don (local area leader), who used them as carriers for their illicit wares. On interviewing these children, we also realized that a few of them had behavioral problems. It was found that the children, who exhibited extreme forms of behavioral problems, were from larger families with one or no parent and were the ones who were particularly into sporadic school attendance. They were the ones who were also from depressed communities where overcrowding was a problem and living conditions were poor.During our research, a child highlighted some of his reason for being on the streets. He reported that he lived in a single room house with his mother and other siblings and was forced to leave the house when his mother was entertaining. Another child, who resided with his grandparent, complained that he could not live with her because she was miserable and demanding. Hence he avoided going home as he disliked the living conditions and is thereby a street child. In our survey, 92% of the children were boys and they were involved in a number of activities they pushed carts, they carried peoples luggage.They sold items for others, they bought and sold items, some went to sea and some were there just to check their brethren. One little boy in particular said that when he is on the street he run up an down. Not surprisingly though is the fact that the majority are involved in one or another economic activity. In fact 75% admitted to be so involved. These activities, according to these children yield great returns. In 1986 children were making a maximum of $21. 00 per day, now 75% of them made over $1000. 00 per day. One child stated that he made over $1,800. 0 per day. Seventeen percent of them were reluctant to reveal their daily earnings or simply did not know. If these figures are truly representative of what a child makes on the street, it is no wonder that they are willing to remain there regardless of the harsh treatment, which is meted out to them by the general public. It is evident that the economic pull to street life is greater now than in the 1980s and 1990s. Hence this remains a major factor for children being on the streets. When we question, Why are these children living on the streets in my community? there are many reasons and excuses. Many are in search of love and acceptance others see it as a means of survival or an outlet. The real question however is, Is there hope for these children? In answering the question, is there hope for these children, one would be tempted to give a resounding yes. But can this be justified? The plight of the street children ha s not been ignored by the Jamaican Government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and International organizations. In fact, programmes have been put in place to alleviate problems of child labour in Kingston.These include RISE Life Management who plays a great role in my community, Children First, Hope for Children, The Possibility Programme, St. Andrew Care Centre, the National Initiative for Street Children (NISC), Tackle Child Labour by the International Labour Organization and the Socialization Project by the Kingston Restoration Company. Mainly the United Children Educational Foundation (UNICEF) funds many of these programmes. All of the named institutions have been established to alleviate problems of child labor and neglected children in the metropolitan area.Most of these institutions aim at giving these children institution Management provides counseling, classes and youth programs for street children in my community. Children First aims at reintroducing them into the fo rmal school system. It reunites them with their families and monitors their attendance in the government schools. Map 3 shows their specific location in Kingston, and proximity to my community the main study area. The residence of the street children are located in mostly densely populated homes where the standard of living is low and living conditions harsh.Many of the institutions that are put in place to help them are located within the community or close by. pic In these institutions, a number of activities are planned for the children, some outside the classroom. All the organizations have regular school activities inclusive of Mathematics, English, Reading, Social Studies, Science, and Computing. At Children First there is a thematic teaching system in which themes are chosen by the students, for example, Children Rights. They also offer skills training programs such as cosmetology, barbering and photography. At NISC,Children First for example, has aided a number of students t o attend universities both local and international. For example, there is a student studying medicine in Cuba, and one, at The Edna Manley School Of Art is studying to become an actor. Two-thirds of the staff is graduates of the program. Mrs. Pious, executive director of Children First has found that in order to improve the lives of the children, it is often necessary to improve the lives of the parents or guardians as well. As a result, the program has enabled many parents to start small businesses such as chicken rearing, ewing and goat rearing. At Hope for Children, students have been involved in drama. A few of their past productions include Come Listen to We, Wicked Reality and Man, Woman and Child. The street children in my community seemed very ambitious and their occupational aspirations were wide and varied. Figure 2 shows the career choice of the street children. DESIRED OCCUPATION OF THE STREET CHILDREN 10 8 6 4 2 0 OCCUPATIONS What is noticeable is that only the needs of the carpenter and the fisherman and to a lesser extent that of a truck driver are catered to by these institution.The implication of this is that if they boys are taken off the street and placed in any of these institutions, their aspirations would not be met. The formal educational institutions however could meet their goals, but they have to, to a large extent turn their backs on these institutions. One still have to wonder, is there hope for these children? What is heartening is that the children, although they were on the street, thought that education was important and that it was the only way for them to achieve their goals. In fact, 83% of them believe that education is important in their acquiring their career goals.It is often times said that where there is a will there is a way. Even though many of the children have the desire to attain upper socio-economic mobility, they were often times forced to attend these institutions. When the Administrators were asked about the in stitutionalization of the children, they indicated that few children came in voluntarily. In fact, Most of the children were sent there by parents, concerned citizens and police officers. Overall, having been forced to attend has caused them to be defiant and hostile to the programme.At Children First most of the children attend voluntarily and hence their level of success is greater. We also found from our interview that 6% of the children did not even know where the institutions were located or even that they existed. Overall, from my observation, the programmes I have studied have shown a level of success. But in light of the negative aspects, which we have observed, I recommend the following 1. A public education programme on radio and television, which highlights why contributions should be given directly to the programmes in place instead of the children. . Implementing more self-help schemes for the parents or guardians of the street children, that is, helping them to generat e a steady income. 3. Government should make the needs of street children one of its priorities. More money should be allocated to these programmes to effect changes. 4. Make the public aware of the plight of our nations future through the introduction of a Street Children Day in Child month and Media coverage (when people become aware, they will become sympathetic and generous). DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT Sample of Questionnaire 1. Gender Tick (/)Male ( )Female ( ) 2. Age 10-11 years ( )12-13 years ( )14-15 years ( )16-17 years ( ) 3. How long have you been on the streets? 6 months-1 year ( )2-3 years ( )4-5 years ( )6 years and over ( ) 4. When you were at home, what type of family did you live in? Single ( )Nuclear ( )Extended ( ) Other ( ) 5. Do you plan on returning home? Yes ( ) No ( ) 6. Do you like living on the street? Yes ( ) No ( ) 7. What are some of the factors that are responsible for you becoming a street child? Abandoned by parents ( )Disruptive behaviors/cant be con trolled ( )Ran away from home ( )Other ( ) 8. What was the main punishment received at home? Beating/Flogging ( )Indecent language ( )Being put to starve ( ) Other ( ) 9. What type of relationship do you have with your family now that you are on the streets? Excellent ( )Poor ( ) Fair ( ) None ( ) 10. Do you think its better being on the streets that at home? Yes ( ) No ( ) If yes why? ______________________________________________________________ 11. How do you provide for yourself on the streets? Begging ( )Stealing ( )Searching household garbage ( ) 12. Do you ever wish you never left home?Yes ( )No ( ) 13. How does being a street child affect you emotionally? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 14. How does being a street child affect your physical appearance? ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ _________________________________ 15. Were you in school? Yes ( )No ( ) 16. If yes what grade/form where you in? 17. Are you able to read and write? Yes ( )No ( ) 18.What are the measures that can be taken to get street children off the streets? Put them in state homes ( ) Have counseling sessions with them and put them up for adoption ( ) Establish laws to punish parents who contribute to their child being on the streets ( ) 19. Do you think the measures will work for you? Yes ( ) No ( ) Maybe ( ) 20. What can persons who wish to become parents do to avoid children leaving home to live on the streets? Attend parenting sessions on how to care for the child ( ) Talk to the child/children to find out what is bothering them ( )Get involved in activities at the child school to see how well they are doing () BIBLIOGRAPHY Agnelli (1986), Street Children- A growing urban tragedy -Report for the Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues Boyce-Reid, k. (1993) A Report on St reet Children Projects http//gvnet. com/streetchildren/Jamaica. htm David Dunkley(1999) Street Children- effects of urbanization School Based Assessment on Street Children in my community FISHERMAN FIRE MAN CARPENTER PERCENTAGES DOCTOR BUSINESS MAN TEACHER TRUCK DRIVER BANK CLERK Stall Cart