DNA and common elements :: Biology

Biology Topic ThreeChemical elementselement FunctionProkaryotesPlants animalsSulphurproteinsproteinsProteinsCalcium Flagella movementForms carrel plate during cytokinesisShells, b hotshots, vesicle fusionPhosphorusNucleic acids and ATPNucleic acids and ATPNucleic acids and ATPironCytochrome- utilise in respirationCytochromes-used in reparationCytochromes used in mitochondria respiration, haemoglobin SodiumMain cation in cytoplasmTransmission of nerve impulses Water-Polar molecule-Oxygen has slight negative charge- total heat has slight positive charge-Opposite charges attract-This forms hydrogen bonds-This is called cohesion-Water can store lots of heat -Water can disperse other polar molecules-Other substances can form ions in water and dissolveOrganisms and properties of water-Can be used as a coolant because it requires a lot of energy to break the hydrogen bonds to go from liquid to gaseous state-Is a straightforward medium for metab olic reactions due to the fact it is a good solvent due to its polarity. Watery cytoplasm dissolve substances and metabolic reactions can take place easily. -Water can be a good transport substance due to its high specific heat. Cohesion is the forming of hydrogen bonds and hydrolysis is the breaking of hydrogen bonds.Organic and inorganic compounds-Organic compounds are those that contain speed of light and are found in living organisms.-They do not include carbonates, hydrogencarbonates and oxides of carbon.Identifying Ribose and Glucose-Ring structure-One carbon outside the ring-CnH2nOn with n = 5 for ribose and n = six for glucose-Each carbon has four bonds-Eachs carbon has an Oh bond and an H bond.Identifying Amino acids-Nitrogen is the key atom-Twenty amino acids used as proteins-They all have the same structure of The R is changeable and can be any of many different things.Identifying Fatty Acids-At one end is CH3 group and at the other COOH or carboxylic acid group-Betwee n these is a number of CH or CH2 groups. -Double bonds mean that the fat person acid is unsaturated-If there are lots of double bonds then the fatty acid is called polyunsaturated.Identifying CarbohydratesMonosaccharides Glucose, Galactose, FructoseDisaccharides Matose (glucose + glucose), Lactose (glucose + galactose), Sucrose (glucose + fructose) Polysaccharides Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose. All from poly-glucoseIn plants carbohydrates wait on as an energy source and component of sucrose while it is also used to build cell walls and transport thingsIn animals it is broken down to set out energy, and is a sugar in milk and used as an energy store.